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Sensory gating
Sensory gating describes neurological processes of filtering out redundant or unnecessary stimuli in the brain from all possible environmental stimuli.〔Cromwell, H.C. (2008). Sensory gating: A translational effort from basic to clinical science. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience.〕〔Freedman, R., Adler, L.W., Gerhardt, G.A., Baker, N., Rose, G.M, Dreging, C., Nagamoto, H.,…Franks, R. (1987). Neurobiological studies of sensory gating in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13(4), 669-676.〕 Also referred to as gating or filtering, sensory gating prevents an overload of irrelevant information in the higher cortical centers of the brain. The pulvinar nuclei of the thalamus play a major role in attention, and filter out unnecessary information.〔Banich, M.T. (2004). Cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology (2nd Edition). Houghton Mifflin Company: pp. 49-50, 258-259.〕 Although sensory gating is largely automatic, it also occurs within the context of attentional processes. Though the term sensory gating has been used interchangeably with sensorimotor gating, the two are distinct constructs.〔Brenner, C.A., Edwards, C.R., Carroll, C.A., Kieffaber, P.D., Hetrick, W.P. (2004). P50 and acoustic startle gating are not related in healthy participants. Psychophysiology, 41, 1-7.〕
The cocktail party effect illustrates how the brain inhibits input from environmental stimuli, while still processing sensory input from the attended stimulus.〔Eysenck, M, Keane, M. (2000). Cognitive Psychology: A Student’s Handbook (4th Edition). Psychology Print.〕 The cocktail party effect demonstrates sensory gating in hearing, but the other senses also go through the same process protecting primary cortical areas from being overwhelmed.
== Neural regions involved in sensory gating ==
Information from sensory receptors make their way to the brain through neurons and synapse at the thalamus. The pulvinar nuclei in the thalamus function as the gatekeeper, deciding which information should be inhibited, and which should be sent to further cortical areas. Sensory gating is mediated by a network in the brain which involves the auditory cortex (AC), prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.〔Mayer, A. R., Hanlon, F. M., Franco, A. R., Teshiba, T. M., Thoma, R. J., Clark, V. P., & Canive, J. M. (2009). The neural networks underlying auditory sensory gating. NeuroImage, 44, 182-189.〕 Other areas of the brain associated with sensory gating include the amygdala, striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, and midbrain dopamine cell region (GABAergic neurons only).〔
Research of sensory gating primarily occurs in cortical areas where the stimulus is consciously identified because it is a less invasive means of studying sensory gating.〔 Studies on rats show the brain stem, thalamus, and primary auditory cortex play a role in sensory gating for auditory stimuli.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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